1. A playing style based on the formation of a full pawn centre. The strategic concepts involved are seen as ultimate laws, and therefore rather dogmatic.

2. An era where all players used this style and those that did not were considered irregular.

1. An opening system geared towards forming a full pawn center. Classical ideas were challenged by hypermodern ideas.

2. A game using a longer time control such as 40/2; the opposite of fast chess categories such as rapid, blitz or bullet.