The "Five Gospels", by Funk, Harper, 1993, pg. 544, states that a gospel parallel, is one where, "In a gospel parallel or synopsis the gospels are arranged in parallel columns with matching materials opposite each other".In the case of literary dependence referencing a parallel, Karen King suggests the following criteria in determining the characteristic of viable literary dependence. (parallel) The reference to this work is... ("The Gospel of MaryMagdala", King, Polebridge, 2003. pg. 110.) 1. Extensive word-for-word similarity, (citation). 2. Similar arrangement or ordering of materials. 3. Similar narrative context or meaning. 4. The use of a citation formula. (For instance each saying in the "Gospel of Thomas", starts with "Jesus said", or someone talking to him, in an obvious schema. {My insertion} King uses, "as it is written", and ....) 5. Use of language specific to the source work.